There are many reasons to come to Cappadocia (pronounced Cap-A-Dokie-A) in Central Turkey. Actually, there’s really only one reason to come here: Geology. You see, the collection of villages that make up this region are built on foundations of tufa. Tufa is a stone made from volcanic origins that is not only very strong, it is also very easy to shape. It bears weight well, but at the same time could be shaped, whittled and hollowed out with an emery board. As such, the area is littered with caves dug out anywhere from the late BCs to the 1100s or so. In fact, people were living in caves here as late as 1952. The result of this is that the landscape looks like Monument Valley (where almost every classic Western was shot) had it been transported to the planet Mongo. Imagine narrow spindles of rock supporting boulders. Think of Indian (feather, not dot) cliff dwellings. Now plant some olive trees and place this mess in a hilly landscape and you’ve got a rough idea of Cappadocia.
But why live in caves? The caves were dug out to protect the inhabitants from religious persecution of one kind or another. First it was the Christians hiding from the Romans, Hittites, Muslims, assorted Arabs and (likely) tax collectors. Being good Christians, they dug out impressive churches with elaborate paintings. Numerous saints held court in these small enclaves. Eventually, the Christians moved on, leaving their caves, art and churches behind. No sooner were they gone than the Muslims moved in to escape their persecutors. Islam shuns the depiction of people in art, so the faces within the Christian church art were scratched out or covered with plaster. With Turkey holding one foot in Asia and a big toe in Europe, it’s no wonder that people have been going back and forth over religion for centuries.
Fancy staying in a cave? The region has countless hotels, motels, pensions and other establishments that will cater to your needs. The good ones are small – after all, there’s only so much rock to carve a room out from. Just because it’s a cave doesn’t mean its uncomfortable. Our cave room is nicely carved out with crown molding chiseled from the rock, electricity and a fully functioning bathroom with a Jacuzzi tub. The persecuted souls who hid out here millennia ago never had it so good.
Cappadocia isn’t exactly on the beaten path. To get here, you’ve got to hop a plane from Istanbul to Kayseri. Once you hit Kayseri, you have another 65km to travel before you will hit cave country. You could rent a car, but the rates for doing so are astronomical, even for Turkey. The better hotels will cover your bus fare into town if you’ve made a reservation in advance. Once you make it to your room, you’ll need to make arrangements for seeing the sites. The main things to see are in a 30km circle, so you’ll need to either join a larger group or get a driver. We opted for the driver and had a full day tour of the region. We started with a visit to the pink valley to see the rock formations formed by years of rain and weather eating away at the soft tufa, leaving large rocks supported by narrow spindles. From there we went to Zelve’s open-air museum which house the region’s first dug caves. There in the face of the hills are cooking chambers, churches and houses cut into the rock with primitive tools over 2000 years ago. Being Turkey, and not America, you can walk right up to them, touch what you like, have a pee in the corner (sadly) of an ancient dwelling, jump to your death or otherwise injure yourself all the while experiencing this bit of history without a velvet rope in front of it. There are some tangible benefits of a country with lax personal injury lawyers.
After seeing the cave village at Zelve, we drove up the road a bit and saw the fairy chimneys—unusual rock formations set among vineyards of bush vine grapes. Cappadocia is also a viticultural center for Turkey and the product is easily quaffable. We had a nice lunch in nearby Avanos on a rooftop terrace away from the hungry eyes of the locals fasting for Ramazan (Ramadan in Turkish) and were back on our way. In the afternoon we visited the open air museum at Goreme which was a much more substantial complex than Zelve (having been built several hundred years later). This Unesco World Heritage site features more complex cave architecture and a church every ten feet. We’re talking frescoes, apses, cruciform design, catacombs, the works—all in about a 15x15 square. It was impressive to say the least. Well, at least until our last stop of the day, the underground city of Kaymakli.
Kaymakli was built in the third century AD. It is an underground complex of chambers that reaches about 100 feet into the Earth on 8 floors. It housed approximately 5000 people. Underground. Basically we’re talking an underground city. Again, the persecuted needed safety and digging into the Earth was the way they found it. This network of caves had a central chimney that brought in water and air. Around the center were a complex of caves that house families, livestock and the food, water and wine to support them for up to 6 months. Should an attacking army show up, the cave inhabitants would roll enormous boulders into the entrances blocking the advance of their enemies. The chimneys were camouflaged and the cave network so complex that small attacking forces could be let in, would promptly get lost and killed without incident. The caves housed churches, wineries, and mass storage. Should the siege go terribly long, the inhabitants had a connecting tunnel to the next underground village 8km away. If all else failed, there were approximately 100 exits from the complex-one sure to be unguarded.
If the rest of the day has been an appetizer, Kaymakli was definitely the main course.
And speaking of main courses, we ended our day’s adventures by returning to our cave room content that our biggest challenge remaining was the trek to the rooftop terrace where dinner was being served.